Compulsory purchase

Current project status

• Initiation: Could include discussing scope and terms of reference with lead Government Department
• Pre-consultation: Could include approaching interest groups and specialists, producing scoping and issues papers, finalising terms of project
• Consultation: Likely to include consultation events and paper, making provisional proposals for comment
• Policy development: Will include analysis of consultation responses. Could include further issues papers and consultation on draft Bill
• Reported: Usually recommendations for law reform but can be advice to government, scoping report or other recommendations

The Law Commission is reviewing outdated compulsory purchase laws to support a faster, simpler and more modern land acquisition process.

We have published a consultation paper on compulsory purchase as part of a review of the law on compulsory purchase and compensation. We are seeking views from anyone with an interest in or awareness of this area of law. The consultation is open until 31 March 2025.

The full consultation paper available, as well as a summary of the consultation paper, and a Welsh version of the summary. Responses can be provided using the online form. If you need any of the documents in an alternative format, please email us at: compulsorypurchase@lawcommission.gov.uk.

Watch Professor Alison Young discuss the consultation:

The problem

Compulsory purchase is a legal mechanism by which certain bodies can acquire land without the consent of the owner. 

The ability to purchase land using compulsory powers is essential for large-scale projects to improve both local and national infrastructure. The number and scale of such projects is likely to intensify in coming decades, particularly in light of the UK’s net zero climate targets. 

Compulsory purchase powers are also required to assemble land for much-needed regeneration of towns and cities, and for the provision of housing. 

At the same time, compulsory purchase powers can cause significant detrimental impacts on those individuals and businesses affected by them and should only be used as a last resort, when it is in the public interest. 

It has been widely acknowledged for over two decades that the law of compulsory purchase in England and Wales is fragmented, hard to access and in need of modernisation. In the early 2000s, this led to a three-year project by the Law Commission, Towards a Compulsory Purchase Code, which resulted in the publication of two reports dealing with compensation and procedure respectively.

The recommendations of the 2003 and 2004 Law Commission reports were favourably received, but not implemented in full. Since then, incremental changes to the law have been made. Yet there have been continued calls for comprehensive modern code.

The project 

The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (formerly the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities) has asked the Law Commission to review the current law on compulsory purchase and compensation. 

The Law Commission will review: 

• The procedures governing the acquisition of land through compulsory purchase orders (CPOs). 

• The system for assessing the compensation awarded to parties in relation to such acquisitions. 

The aim will then be to produce a draft Bill consolidating the law and making proposals for technical changes to ensure that the law is suitable for its intended use. 

The consultation paper 

We published a consultation paper on 20 December 2024 setting out initial views on the legal framework governing compulsory purchase and compensation. The paper is split into three parts: procedure, compensation and supplementary matters.  

We ask a number of questions within the consultation paper designed to find out more about how the compulsory purchase system works in practice, as well as inviting views on our provisional proposals. The consultation paper can be found in the “Consultation and related documents” section below.  

Next steps 

The team has published a consultation paper and are seeking views from anyone with an interest in or awareness of this area. The consultation is open until Monday 31 March 2025. We encourage stakeholders to respond using the online form. We will use the responses to the consultation to develop our final recommendations for reform, which will form the basis of our final report and the draft Bill which will accompany it.

Terms of Reference

Read the project’s Terms of Reference (ToR) here.

Contact

For further information, or to get in touch with the team leading the project, please contact CompulsoryPurchase@lawcommission.gov.uk